Weight-bearing adhesives with adjustable angles

ABSTRACT

The invention provides unique releasable adhesive devices that are high-load bearing and highly stable while allowing adjustment of the weight-bearing angle in a wide range, thereby greatly expanding the scope of applications for technology. Adhesive systems and devices of the invention can be designed to fit applications ranging from household weight-bearing shelves and holders, components for transportation, athletic equipment, labels and advertising posts, automobile interior trims, permanent or reversible fasteners, as well as instruments and devices for industrial, commercial, medical or military applications.

PRIORITY CLAIMS AND RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/761,292, filed Feb. 6, 2013, the entire content of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally relates to designs, devices, materials andmethods useful for weight-bearing. More particularly, the inventionrelates to adhesive devices that have adjustable angles ofweight-bearing hinges, are highly stable, easily released, high loadbearing and suitable for extended/repeated use in a variety ofapplications.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are adhesives that form a bond whenpressure is applied to marry the adhesive with the adherend.Conventional PSAs have found use in pressure sensitive tapes, labels,note pads, automobile interior trims, and a wide variety of otherproducts. PSAs typically rely on ubiquitous surface force interactions,such as van der Waals forces, to transfer stress across an interface.PSAs can adhere to a surface because the adhesive is soft enough toflow, or wet, the adherend. The adhesive needs to be hard enough toresist flow when stress is applied to the bond at the interface. PSAsexhibit viscoelastic (viscous and elastic) properties, both of which maybe used for creating proper bonding.

Conventional PSAs are mainly fabricated from soft, viscoelastic polymermaterials (e.g., coatings), which are used either independently or inconjunction with a backing material, such as a stiff film or cloth. Tocontrol the level of adhesion, PSAs alter their bulk properties byrelying upon a complex formulation of both elastic and viscoelasticcomponents to delicately balance the ability of a material to form aninterface (or “wet a surface”) and the resistance to separation once theinterface is formed. (Benedek, et al. Eds. 2009 Handbook of PressureSensitive Adhesives and Products Series, CRC Press: Boca Raton; Pocius,2002, Adhesion and Adhesives Technology: An Introduction, Hanser Publ.:Munich; Crosby, et al. 1999 J. Poly. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 37, 24,3455-3472; Creton, 2003 “Materials Science of Adhesives: How to BondThings Together.” MRS Bulletin 28, 6, 419-421; Creton, 2003“Pressure-sensitive adhesives: An introductory course.” MRS Bulletin 28,6, 434-439; Creton, et al. 2007 “Sticky Feet: From Animals toMaterials”, MRS Bulletin 32, 6, all pages; Chan, et al. 2007 “DesigningModel Systems for Enhanced Adhesion.” MRS Bulletin 32, 6, 496-503;Boesel, et al. 2010 Advanced Materials 22, 19, 2125-2137.)

Among the various aspects of PSA designs, several factors are typicallyrelevant and emphasized: (1) Conventional PSAs are viscoelastic to allowthe polymer coating to conform easily with a rough surface whiledissipating mechanical energy (i.e., pressure) that is required forconformality; (2) A measure for strong PSA materials is tack energy,which is the total energy dissipated during the separation of aPSA/substrate interface; (3) High tack PSAs are typically not conduciveto multiple loading applications due to the irreversible (i.e.inelastic) materials processes that are used to produce high levels oftack.

Much research has focused on the development of gecko-like adhesivesystems, in efforts to overcome some of the disadvantages ofconventional PSAs. Some key attributes of both conventional PSAs andideal gecko-like adhesives are provided in the following table:

Ideal Property Conventional PSA “Gecko-Like” Adhesive Max Shear StressHigh High Max Normal Stress High High Peel Resistance High Low (afterreaching critical peel angle) Energy of Separation High LowReversibility Limited to None High Time/Temp Dependence High UnknownImpact of Fouling High Limited

Additionally, the adhesive surface of geckos, and similar examples inNature, is commonly described as “dry”, i.e., that adhesion does notrely upon liquid interactions, liquid-to-solid transitions like anepoxy, nor does the adhesive surface feel “tacky” to the touch like aconventional viscoelastic adhesive. Although such attributes are knownand displayed in Nature, the primary design factors or mechanisms thatpermit good control of properties is not known and remains the subjectof current research projects worldwide. To our knowledge, thedevelopment of a synthetic analog to a gecko-like adhesive has not beendemonstrated, in particular one that could be used on macroscopic lengthscales.

A recent technological breakthrough was a class of elastomer-basedadhesive devices that have high load capacity, reusability, easy releaseand are suitable for extended and repeated use. (See, e.g., WO2012/078249 (PCT/US2011/057309), which is expressly incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety for all purposes.) While the technologysubstantially advances the state of the art in adhesive technology,there remains a significant and ongoing need for adhesive systems thatallow adjustable weight-bearing angles, high-load bearing and highlystable, yet provide simple, non-damaging release and repeated use whilebeing cost-effective to produce.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides unique releasable adhesive devices that arehigh-load bearing and highly stable while allowing adjustment of theweight-bearing angle in a wide range, thereby greatly expanding thescope of applications for technology. Adhesive systems and devices ofthe invention can be designed to fit applications ranging from householdweight-bearing shelves and holders, components for transportation,athletic equipment, labels and advertising posts, automobile interiortrims, permanent or reversible fasteners, as well as instruments anddevices for industrial, commercial, medical or military applications.

The adhesive devices disclosed herein generally have two or moreadhesive pads per device for adhering to one or more target surfaces.The unique designs take into consideration of stiffness, location anddegree of freedom in terms of how the adhesive pads, the tethercomponents and weight-bearing mechanisms are interconnected.

In one aspect, the invention generally relates to a releasable,surface-adhesive device. The device includes: a first adhesive pad, asecond adhesive pad, a tether component, and a hinge component attachedto the tether component. The first adhesive pad includes: a first planarbacking layer having high in-plane stiffness; and a first planar layerof an elastic material having a first adhesive surface on at least oneside for adhering to a first target surface, wherein the elasticmaterial is impregnated onto the first planar backing layer on at leastthe side opposing the first adhesive surface. The second adhesive padincludes: a second planar backing layer having high in-plane stiffness(relative to pad compliance); and a second planar layer of an elasticmaterial having a second adhesive surface on at least one side foradhering to a second target surface, wherein the elastic material isimpregnated onto the second planar backing layer on at least the sideopposing the second adhesive surface. The tether component has aproximal end and a distal end, respectively attached to the first andsecond planar backing layers. The hinge is rotatable along at least onerotational axis resulting in the hinge component forming an angle withthe tether component in the range from about 0° to about 180°.

In another aspect, the invention generally relates to a releasable,surface-adhesive device. The device includes: a planar backing layerhaving high in-plane stiffness; a first layer of an elastic materialhaving on one side a first adhesive surface for adhering to a targetsurface and on the other side impregnating into the planar backinglayer; a second layer of an elastic material having on one side a secondadhesive surface for adhering to a target surface and on the other sideimpregnating into the planar backing layer; and a hinge attached to theplanar backing layer directly or via a rigid substrate.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method forreleasably holding a weight. The method includes: providing areleasable, surface-adhesive device according to disclosed; andattaching a weight to the device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows schematic illustrations of exemplary embodiments ofadhesive pads.

FIG. 2 shows certain design factors and schematic illustrations.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary fabricationprocess.

FIG. 4 shows schematic illustrations of various embodiments of theinvention for the pad-tether connection.

FIG. 5 shows schematic illustrations of an exemplary embodiment of adual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.

FIG. 6 shows schematic illustrations of an exemplary embodiment of adual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.

FIG. 7 shows schematic illustrations of an exemplary embodiment of adual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.

FIG. 8 shows schematic illustrations of an exemplary embodiment of adual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.

FIG. 9 shows schematic illustrations of an exemplary embodiment of adual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.

FIG. 10 shows schematic illustrations of an exemplary embodiment of adual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.

FIG. 11 shows schematic illustrations of an exemplary embodiment of adual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.

FIG. 12 schematically depicts adjustable weigh-bearing angles of anexemplary dual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.

FIG. 13 schematically depicts exemplary embodiments of multiple (e.g., 4or 5) adhesive-pad assemblies having adjustable weigh-bearing anglesaccording to the invention.

FIG. 14 shows an exemplary embodiment of a four adhesive-pad assemblyhaving adjustable weigh-bearing angles according to the invention.

FIG. 15 shows an exemplary embodiment of a dynamic, four adhesive-padassembly having adjustable weigh-bearing angles according to theinvention.

FIG. 16 schematically shows an exemplary assembly line roll-to-rollprocess for creating complex skin systems.

FIG. 17 shows exemplary (top) results of a face down molding method and(bottom) back of the complex skin system, showing a rigid piece ofpolycarbonate with a metal hinge chemically attached.

FIG. 18 shows an exemplary dual-pad adhesive device according to theinvention.

FIG. 19 schematically depicts an exemplary method for making a modulartendon.

FIG. 20 shows an exemplary modular tendon with a large hole drilled forhanging.

FIG. 21 shows a schematic illustration of available axes of rotation.

FIG. 22 shows an exemplary adhesive device of the invention supporting 5lbs of weight as the substrate is rotated about the x axis.

FIG. 23 shows an exemplary adhesive device of the invention supporting 5lbs of weight as the substrate is rotated about the z axis.

FIG. 24 shows an exemplary adhesive device of the invention supporting 5lbs of weight as the substrate is rotated about the x and z axes.

FIG. 25 shows an exemplary adhesive device of the invention having twoadhesive pads attached to an intermediate device consisting of a hinge.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides unique releasable adhesive devices, as well asrelated methods, that simultaneously enable adherence to two or multipletarget surfaces of various nature, which enables reusabability,easy-release, and high load capacities for extended and repeated use.Adhesive systems and devices of the invention may be designed to fit avariety of utilities (e.g., household weight-bearing shelves andholders, components for transportation, athletic equipment, labels andadvertising posts, automobile interior trims, permanent or reversiblefasteners, as well as instruments and devices for industrial,commercial, medical or military applications).

The invention differs from prior art in the field of PSAs at least inthat the present invention does not rely on viscoelastic properties toachieve performance controls, as do PSAs. Designs and systems of theinvention allow separation time and energy to be minimized, whilemaintaining the ability to support extremely high-weight loads. Incontrast to prior art in the development of gecko-type adhesives, thedesigns, systems and methods disclosed herein do not require the use ofsurface fibrillar structures to achieve desired attributes. Followingthe principles disclosed herein, one may mimic the engineering design ofthe toe and leg structures of common examples in Nature, such as geckosin vertical climbing. Other key differences between the presentinvention and the prior art relate to, among others, the specificdesignation of rotational freedom at continuous junctions,specifications of stiffness in loading direction with low flexuralrigidity perpendicular to surface of elastic material, and the abilityto achieve high capacity load support under both normal and shearloading directions with near-zero required “pre-load” (referring to theamount of force that is required to establish the adhesive/substrateinterface for supporting a given load).

As a component of the present invention, the adhesive pad systemutilized herein employs a “dry” adhesive pad structure (sometimesreferred to as a “T-pad”). The basic structure of the adhesive device isreferred to as a “pad”, which is subsequently connected to a tether(e.g., a synthetic fabric tether, sometimes referred to as “tendon”).The tether should maintain high stiffness along the primary axis ofloading. The connection between the tendon and the pad has pre-defineddimensions, orientation, and spatial location, according to particularneeds, that can be modified to control the release strategy and providetolerated balance of shear and normal loading. Properly designed, theadhesive pad device can support high loads under shear, normal, andmulti-mode (i.e., peel) loadings while requiring minimal forces andenergy for release (or separation) under specifically-designed releasestrategies.

Two exemplary embodiments of adhesive pad devices are schematicallyillustrated in FIG. 1, wherein (a) depicts an adhesive pad 1 having anadhesive surface 2 of a circular outer boundary 5. The adhesive pad isconnected to a tether component 3 at line 4. Similarly, (b) depicts anadhesive pad 10 having an adhesive surface 12 of a rectangular outerboundary 15. The adhesive pad is connected to a tether component 13 atline 14.

Such adhesive pad design represents a unique combination of adhesionattributes of polymer materials and integrated mechanical designsthrough proper conservation of rotational freedom, low flexural modulusnormal to the adhesive interface, and high stiffness in load bearingdirections. A scaling relationship has been developed by the inventorsto provide a framework for understanding the adhesive performance of thematerials devices over a range of size scales and geometries (FIG. 2).This scaling relationship suggests that the adhesive capacity (F_(C)) ofan interface is governed by three simple parameters, which are dependenton both the geometry and material properties of the interface. To designreversible adhesives which can adhere to various substrates, theinterfacial interactions (G_(C)) should rely upon non-specific van derWaals forces, rendering G_(C) an ineffective control parameter.Therefore, to scale F_(C) for adhesive materials the material systemmust not just rely on area on contact (A) or the system compliance (C)but must develop attributes that increase the A/C ratio. This presents achallenge; materials must be soft to increase true contact but stiff toachieve high loads. Soft materials are able to create large-scalecontact but have a high compliance when loaded, while stiff materialsare unable to create extensive contact; both cases result in a nulleffect on the A/C ratio. The current invention provides a mechanism formaximizing A/C, and most importantly, tuning this governing parameterfor different applications. As schematically illustrated in FIG. 3, anefficient and effective fabrication method may be used to fabricate theT-pad. The method involves integrating a thin layer of an elasticelastomer into a surface of a fabric.

The tether can be connected to the adhesive pad through any suitablemethods, such as conventional sewing, stitching, or gluing, which allowseasy control of dimensional, orientational, and spatial location of theattachment. The attachment should provide sufficient load sharing andload bearing capacity, which can be controlled through the stitchingpattern, width, and length. Appropriate stitching patterns includestraight stitching, zigzag stitching, multi zigzag stitch, satinstitching, honeycomb stitching, ladder stitch, double overlock stitch,and criss-cross stitching.

For example, a particularly advantageous tether-pad connection is astraight-line stitch that is centered on the one axis of the pad andextends to a length of approximately ⅔ the chord length perpendicularthe second pad axis. The tether-pad connection should maintainrotational freedom while maintaining high stiffness in the direction ofloading. The tether-pad connection should preferably maintain equal loadsharing along the entire length of the connection.

One adhesive pad can act independently or in conjunction with an arrayof adhesive pads or units (sometimes referred to as a “T-surface”),which may be mounted with rotationally-free joints to a supportingsubstrate that can be rigid in one or more directions, for example. Forcertain applications, e.g., a large weight bearing shelf, multipleattachment points for the tether to the adhesive pad may also beemployed.

FIG. 4 shows schematic illustrations of various adhesive padconfigurations for the tether-pad connection. A single slab connectionconstitutes a continuous adhesive pad and support backing, which canthen be divided into a larger number of discrete adhesive pads andsupport backings in which multiple tendons are used to create differentconfigurations (e.g., a gradient length series configuration). Thetether attached to the adhesive pad allows for adjustment of the anglebetween the tether and the adhesive pad from about 0° to about 359°(e.g., 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, 180°, 210°, 240°, 270°, 300°,330°).

Referring to FIG. 5, a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodimentof a dual-pad adhesive device having adjustable weight-bearing angle isshown in a top view (a) and a side view (b). The adhesive device 101includes a first adhesive pad 102, a second adhesive pad 103, a tethercomponent 104, and a hinge component 105 attached to the tethercomponent 104. A tendon component 109 is attached to the hinge component105. The tendon component may be a modular easily releasable/replaceablefrom the hinge 105.

As an exemplary embodiment, the first adhesive pad 102 is in arectangular shape with dimensions B×C×F. The second adhesive pad 103 isin a rectangular shape with dimensions E×C×F. It is noted that the firstand second adhesive pads need not be identical in shape, and thatdimensions and/or material composition may be individually designed tomeet particular needs. Furthermore, the tether component 104 may havethe same or different width as that of either or both of the first andsecond adhesive pads 102 and 103.

The first adhesive pad 102 has a first adhesive layer 110 having a firstadhesive surface 106 and a first backing layer 112. The second adhesivepad 103 has a second adhesive layer 111 having a second adhesive surface107 and a second backing layer 113. Hinge 105 is anchored on a base 108.Hinge 105, which may be made of a rigid material or a non-rigid materialdepending on the need, is attached to the base 108 such that hinge 105is capable of adjusting its angle with the surface of the tethercomponent 104 from about 0° to about 180°. The first backing layer 112,the tethering component 104, and the second backing layer 113 form acontinuous layer.

As shown in FIG. 5, the first and second adhesive surfaces 106 and 107face the same side of tether component 104—as the hinge 105 does. Asdiscussed herein, the hinge 105 may be placed on the other side of thetether component 104 (see, e.g., FIG. 7). When in use, the first andsecond adhesive surfaces are applied to the target surface(s). The hinge105 is available for holding weight or for connections to otherweight-bearing components.

Referring to FIG. 6, another exemplary embodiment of a dual-pad adhesivedevice having adjustable weight-bearing angle is shown in a top view (a)and a side view (b). The adhesive device 201 includes a first adhesivepad 202, a second adhesive pad 203, a tether component 204, and a hingecomponent 205 attached to the tether component 204.

The first adhesive pad 202 has a first adhesive layer 210 having a firstadhesive surface 206 and a first backing layer 212. The second adhesivepad 203 has a second adhesive layer 211 having a second adhesive surface207 and a second backing layer 213. The hinge 205 is anchored on a base208. Hinge 205 is attached to the base 208 such that hinge 205 iscapable of adjusting its angle with the surface of the tether component204 from about 0° to about 180°. The first backing layer 212, thetethering component 204, and the second backing layer 213 form acontinuous layer.

As shown in FIG. 6, the first and second adhesive surfaces 206 and 207face different sides of tether component 204. When in use, the first andsecond adhesive surfaces are applied to the target surfaces. The hinge205 is available for holding weight or for connections to otherweight-bearing components.

FIG. 7 schematically illustrates yet another exemplary embodiment of adual-pad adhesive device having adjustable weight-bearing angle of theinvention in a top view (a) and a side view (b). The adhesive device 301includes a first adhesive pad 302, a second adhesive pad 303, a tethercomponent 304, and a hinge component 305 attached to the tethercomponent 304.

The first adhesive pad 302 has a first adhesive layer 310 having a firstadhesive surface 306 and a first backing layer 312. The second adhesivepad 303 has a second adhesive layer 311 having a second adhesive surface307 and a second backing layer 313. The hinge 305 is anchored on a base308 such that hinge 305 is capable of adjusting its angle with thesurface of the tether component 304 from about 0° to about 180°. Thefirst backing layer 312, the tethering component 304, and the secondbacking layer 314 form a continuous layer.

As shown in FIG. 7, the first and second adhesive surfaces 306 and 307face the same side of tether component 304 and are on the opposite sideof the hinge 305. When in use, the first and second adhesive surfacesare applied to the target surface(s). The hinge 305 is available forholding weight or for connections to other weight-bearing components.

In the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 5-7, the first and secondbacking layers and the tether component together form a continuouslayer. An alternative embodiment includes that illustratively shown inFIG. 8, where the first backing layer 412 and the tethering component404 form a continuous layer but they do not form a continuous layer withthe second backing layer 413. Yet another alternative embodimentincludes that illustratively shown in FIG. 9, where the first backinglayer 512 and the tethering component 504 do not form a continuous layerand neither forms a continuous layer with the second backing layer 513.Similarly in FIG. 10, the first backing layer 612 and the tetheringcomponent 604 do not form a continuous layer and neither forms acontinuous layer with the second backing layer 613.

Referring to FIG. 11, a hinge 705 is positioned on a tether component704 away from the center (midway) between the first and second adhesivepads 702 and 703. This is in contrast to the designs illustrated inFIGS. 5-10, wherein the hinge is substantially midway between the firstand second adhesive pads. It is noted that the hinge may be attached atany position of the tether component dependent on the applications,including substantially at the center or midway between the adhesivepads, off-center, or substantially away from the center. It is furthernoted that by modifying the location of the hinge in relation to theadhesive pads, one is able to adjust the relative potions ofweigh-bearing each adhesive pad is to share.

Referring to FIG. 12(a)-(d), the hinge of the dual-pad adhesive deviceallows the angle between the adherent surface and the direction of thehinge (e.g., the direction of the weigh-bearing force) to be adjustablein a wide range, e.g., from about 0° to about 180°.

The dual-pad adhesive system of the invention may be configured into anassembly or set of two or more depending on the applications. Forexample, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 13(a), two dual-padadhesive systems are assembled into a device 901. The device 901includes four adhesive pads, 902, 903, 912 and 913, which exhibitadhesive surfaces 907, 908, 917 and 918, respectively. As shown in FIG.13(a), the first hinge 905 is attached to the first tether component 904while the second hinge 915 is attached to the second tether component914. The first and second hinges 905 and 915 are joined and a thirdhinge 925 is attached thereto, which is capable of weight-bearingdirectly or through an intermediate mechanism.

Similar to the other embodiments discussed herein, the third hinge 925is capable of being adjusted in a wide range of angles from about 0° toabout 180°. An example of a device having such an assembly is shown inFIG. 14.

Other exemplary embodiments include configurations where multipleadhesive pads (e.g., 3, 4, 5 or more) are arranged around a circular orother shaped perimeter, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 13(e),which depicts a circular adhesive system including five adhesive padsextending from a centrally located joint. In FIG. 13(e), blue denotesAdhesive Pad, gray denotes fabric, and white denotes rigid connector.

In connecting the first hinge 905 with the second hinge 915, a dynamicapproach may be adopted wherein a tension is created by pulling the twotoward each other. A mechanism may be included (e.g., shown in FIG. 15),which allows a gradual and controlled introduction and building oftension.

FIG. 16 shows an exemplary assembly line roll-to-roll process forcreating complex skin systems. A roll of fabric, planar or non-planartether can be installed, and a doctor blade would apply a continuousvolume of elastomer to the fabric in a controlled width and thickness.This fabric, planar or non-planar tether would pass through an oven tocure the elastomer either thermally or optically (utilizing ultravioletlight). The fabric, planar or non-planar tether tether could then eitherbe cut and binned, or rolled back onto another roll for transportation.

In one aspect, the invention generally relates to a releasable,surface-adhesive device. The device includes: a first adhesive pad, asecond adhesive pad, a tether component, and a hinge component attachedto the tether component. The first adhesive pad includes: a first planarbacking layer having high in-plane stiffness; and a first planar layerof an elastic material having a first adhesive surface on at least oneside for adhering to a first target surface, wherein the elasticmaterial is impregnated onto the first planar backing layer on at leastthe side opposing the first adhesive surface. The second adhesive padincludes: a second planar backing layer having high in-plane stiffness;and a second planar layer of an elastic material having a secondadhesive surface on at least one side for adhering to a second targetsurface, wherein the elastic material is impregnated onto the secondplanar backing layer on at least the side opposing the second adhesivesurface. In certain preferred embodiments, the tether component has aproximal end and a distal end, respectively attached to the first andsecond planar backing layers. The hinge is rotatable along at least onerotational axis resulting in the hinge component forming an angle withthe tether component in the range from about 0° to about 359° (e.g.,30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, 180°, 210°, 240°, 270°, 300°, 330°. Itis noted that, in certain embodiments, a tether component and a backinglayer together form a continuous component, e.g., by stitching or otherconnections, or because of being parts of a single piece of fabric, forexample.

In certain preferred embodiments, the device includes a first and asecond adhesive pads, wherein the first planar backing layer isimpregnated onto the first layer of the elastic material on the sideopposing the first adhesive surface; and the second planar backing layeris impregnated onto the second layer of the elastic material on the sideopposing the second adhesive surface.

In certain embodiments, the hinge component is attached substantially atthe center between the first and second adhesive pads. In certainembodiments, the hinge component is attached other than substantially atthe center between the first and second adhesive pads. In certainembodiments, the hinge component is permanently connected to aweight-bearing handle. In certain embodiments, the hinge component isreleasably attached to a weight-bearing handle.

In certain preferred embodiments, the hinge component comprises a hingeattached to a rigid base, wherein the rigid base is attached to thetether component. In certain preferred embodiments, the hinge is made ofone or more material selected from metallic, plastic and wood.Additionally, the hinge and the base may be separate components or maybe parts of a single component. In certain embodiments, a hinge may beutilized directly without a rigid base.

The tether component may be attached to the first and second adhesivepads such that the first and second adhesive surfaces reside on the sameside of the tether component. In certain embodiments, the hingecomponent is attached to the tether component from the same side as thefirst and second adhesive surfaces. In certain embodiments, the hingecomponent is attached to the tether component from the opposite side asthe first and second adhesive surfaces. It is noted that the tethercomponent may be a single piece or may itself include two or more partsjoined together.

The tether component may also be attached to the first and secondadhesive pads such that the first and second adhesive surfaces reside ondifferent sides of the tether component.

In some embodiments, the first planar backing layer of the firstadhesive pad, the tether component, and the second planar backing layerof the second adhesive pad together consecutively form a singlecontinuous planar component. In some other embodiments, the first planarbacking layer of the first adhesive pad and the tether componenttogether form a single continuous planar component, and the secondplanar backing layer of the second adhesive pad and the tether componentdo not form a single continuous planar component. In yet otherembodiments, the first planar backing layer of the first adhesive pad,the tether component, and the second planar backing layer of the secondadhesive pad together consecutively does not form a single continuousplanar component.

In some embodiments, the proximal end of the tether component isattached substantially at the center of the backing layer of the firstadhesive pad, and the distal end of the tether component is attachedsubstantially at the center of the backing layer of the second adhesivepad. In some embodiments, the proximal end of the tether component isattached substantially away from the center of the backing layer of thefirst adhesive pad, and the distal end of the tether component isattached substantially away from the center of the backing layer of thesecond adhesive pad. In some embodiments, the proximal end of the tethercomponent is attached substantially at the center of the backing layerof the first adhesive pad, and the distal end of the tether component isattached substantially away from the center of the backing layer of thesecond adhesive pad.

The tether component may be made from any suitable material, such as afabric material or a non-fabric material. In certain embodiments, thetether component is planar. In certain other embodiments, the tethercomponent is or non-planar.

In another aspect, the invention generally relates to a releasable,surface-adhesive device. The device includes: a planar backing layerhaving high in-plane stiffness; a first layer of an elastic materialhaving on one side a first adhesive surface for adhering to a targetsurface and on the other side impregnating into the planar backinglayer; a second layer of an elastic material having on one side a secondadhesive surface for adhering to a target surface and on the other sideimpregnating into the planar backing layer; and a hinge attached to theplanar backing layer directly or via a rigid substrate.

In some preferred embodiments, each adhesive surface is microscopicallyor nanoscopically smooth. In some preferred embodiments, each adhesivesurface is microscopically or nanoscopically patterned.

In certain preferred embodiments, each backing layer is a fabric backinglayer.

In certain embodiments, each planar layer of the elastic material has asmooth adhesive surface area from about 0.01 cm² to about 1000 cm²(e.g., about 0.01 cm², 0.05 cm², 0.1 cm², 0.5 cm², 1 cm², 2 cm², 5 cm²,10 cm², 20 cm², 50 cm², 100 cm², 200 cm², 500 cm², 1,000 cm²) and has asubstantially uniform thickness from about 0.0001 cm to about 0.5 cm(e.g., 0.0001 cm, 0.0005 cm, 0.001 cm, 0.005 cm, 0.01 cm, 0.05 cm, 0.1cm, 0.2, 0.5 cm). In certain embodiments, the planar layer of theelastic material has a smooth adhesive surface area of greater thanabout 0.01 cm² and has a substantially uniform thickness of less thanabout 0.001 cm. In certain embodiments, the planar layer of the elasticmaterial has a smooth adhesive surface area of greater than about 0.05cm² and has a substantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.005cm. In certain embodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material hasa smooth adhesive surface area of greater than about 0.1 cm² and has asubstantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.01 cm. In certainembodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smoothadhesive surface area of greater than about 0.2 cm² and has asubstantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.5 cm. In certainembodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smoothadhesive surface area of greater than about 0.5 cm² and has asubstantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.2 cm. In certainembodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smoothadhesive surface area of greater than about 1.0 cm² and has asubstantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.1 cm. In certainembodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smoothadhesive surface area of greater than about 5.0 cm² and has asubstantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.05 cm. In certainembodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smoothadhesive surface area of greater than about 10 cm² and has asubstantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.02 cm. In certainembodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smoothadhesive surface area of greater than about 100 cm² and has asubstantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.01 cm. In certainembodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smoothadhesive surface area from about 10 cm² to about 100 cm² and has asubstantially uniform thickness from about 0.01 cm to about 0.05 cm. Incertain embodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has asmooth adhesive surface area from about 1,000 cm² to about 100 cm² andhas a substantially uniform thickness from about 0.5 cm to about 0.05cm.

In certain embodiments, the elastic material has an elastic modulus fromabout 0.05 MPa to about 50 MPa (e.g., 0.05 MPa, 0.1 MPa, 0.5 MPa, 1.0MPa, 5.0 MPa, 10 MPa, 15 MPa, 20 MPa, 30 MPa, 40 MPa, 50 MPa). Incertain embodiments, the elastic material has an elastic modulus fromabout 0.05 MPa to about 50 MPa. In certain embodiments, the elasticmaterial has an elastic modulus from about 0.05 MPa to about 30 MPa. Incertain embodiments, the elastic material has an elastic modulus fromabout 0.05 MPa to about 10 MPa. In certain embodiments, the elasticmaterial has an elastic modulus from about 1 MPa to about 50 MPa. Incertain embodiments, the elastic material has an elastic modulus fromabout 1 MPa to about 30 MPa. In certain embodiments, the elasticmaterial has an elastic modulus from about 1 MPa to about 10 MPa.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to an adhesivedevice assembly comprises two or more releasable, surface-adhesivedevices of the invention disclosed herein, wherein the two or morereleasable, surface-adhesive devices are mechanically joined and areconfigured to connect to a hinge component rotatable along at least onerotational axis resulting in the hinge component forming an angle with atarget surface in the range from about 0° to about 180°.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method forreleasably holding a weight. The method includes providing a releasable,surface-adhesive device according to disclosed and attaching a weight tothe device.

Adhesive surfaces may be microscopically or nanoscopically smooth orpatterned, for example. A backing layer may be a fabric backing layer. Aplanar layer of an elastic material may comprise the same elasticmaterial or different elastic materials.

Each layer of the elastic material may have any desirable shapeincluding a substantially circular outer boundary, a substantiallyrectangular outer boundary, a substantially irregular outer boundary, asubstantially elliptical outer boundary, for examples.

In certain preferred embodiments, the elastic material is a blockcopolymer elastomer.

In certain preferred embodiments, the elastic material comprises one ormore of siloxane-based elastomers, urethane-based elastomers, andacrylate-based elastomers.

In some embodiments, each layer of an elastic material comprises two ormore separate smaller elastic material layer units.

The fabric backing layer may include a natural fabric material (e.g.,cotton, hemp, wool, silk, bamboo string, cellulose, jute, and pina). Thefabric backing layer may also include a synthetic fabric material (e.g.,polyester, spandex, nylon, carbon fiber, polyaramid, carbon fiberpolyaramid hybrid, carbon fiber basalt hybrid, fiberglass, carbon fiber,or fiberglass hybrid).

In certain embodiments, one or more of the adhesive surfaces may have anarea of about 1 cm² or greater and is capable of bearing a weight of atleast 31.5 N per 1 cm² of adhesive surface area.

In certain embodiments, one or more of the adhesive surfaces may have anarea of about 1 cm² or greater and is capable of bearing a weight of atleast 12 N per 1 cm² of adhesive surface area.

In certain embodiments, one or more of the adhesive surfaces may have anarea of about 100 cm² or greater and is capable of bearing a weight ofat least 3150 N per 100 cm² of adhesive surface area.

In certain embodiments, one or more of the adhesive surfaces may have anarea of about 100 cm² or greater and is capable of bearing a weight ofat least 1200 N per 100 cm² of adhesive surface area.

In certain embodiments, each tether component includes a fabricmaterial. In certain other embodiments, at least one tether componentincludes a non-fabric material.

The target surface may be any suitable surfaces including that of glass,metal, wood, plastic, paper, cardboard, or concrete.

It is noted that the term “backing”, as used herein, includes but is notlimited to the situation where the referred to layer or material is theback (or the last) layer of the device structure. According to thisinvention, a backing layer may be an interior layer or component of astructural arrangement.

Elastic materials that may be used in the adhesive pads includesiloxane-based elastomers, urethane-based elastomers, and acrylate-basedelastomers. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) belongs to a group of polymericorganosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones.PDMS, widely used silicon-based organic polymer, has preferredrheological (or flow) properties. PDMS is generally inert, non-toxic andnon-flammable.

Other elastic materials that may be used in the adhesive pads includepolyurethanes, which are polymers of organic units covalently joined byurethane (carbamate) links.

A urethane linkage is produced by reacting an isocyanate group, —N═C═Owith a hydroxyl group, —OH. Polyurethanes are produced by thepolyaddition reaction of a polyisocyanate with a polyalcohol (polyol) inthe presence of a catalyst and other additives. In this case, apolyisocyanate is a molecule with two or more isocyanate functionalgroups, R—(N═C═O)_(n)≧2 and a polyol is a molecule with two or morehydroxyl functional groups, R′—(OH)_(n)≧2. The reaction product is apolymer containing the urethane linkage, —RNHCOOR′—. Examples ofpolyurethane monomers (“pre-polymers”) includes hydroxyl endedmolecules, such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol, or bisphenol A (hydroxyl-containing monomers) andan aliphatic or aromatic based isocyanate, such as methylene diphenyldiisocyanate, toluene diphenyl diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate,isophorone diisocyanate, or a polyisocyanate resulting from thecombination of multiple of these monomers (for example, three moleculesof methylene diphenyl diisocyanate form a trimer which contains threeisocyanate functional groups).

It is noted that the devices disclosed herein may also be made withmaterials which typically are found in conventional pressure sensitiveadhesives and glues, including viscoelastic materials, which may includesiloxanes, polyurethanes, cyanoacrylates, or other viscoelasticmaterials, as well as tackifiers, stabilizers, and volatile ornon-volatile network swelling agents. The present invention includesdevices and methods using materials with varying levels ofviscoelasticity, for example viscoelastic materials that exhibit fullcreep recovery.

In certain embodiments, the material of the fabric backing layerincludes a natural fabric material or a synthetic fabric material. Incertain embodiments, the material of the fabric backing layer includes anatural fabric material such as cotton, hemp, wool, silk, bamboo string,cellulose, jute or pina. In certain embodiments, the material of thefabric backing layer includes a synthetic fabric of polyester, spandex,nylon, carbon fiber, polyaramid, carbon fiber polyaramid hybrid, carbonfiber basalt hybrid, fiberglass, or fiberglass hybrid. In certainpreferred embodiments, the material of the fabric backing layercomprises a material selected from the group consisting of nylon, carbonfiber, polyaramid, carbon fiber and polyaramid hybrid.

In certain embodiments, the tether is a fabric material, for example,selected from synthetic fabrics like polyester, spandex, nylon, carbonfiber, polyaramid, carbon fiber polyaramid hybrid, carbon fiber basalthybrid, fiberglass, carbon fiber, or fiberglass hybrid, and naturalfabrics including cotton, hemp, wool, silk, bamboo string, cellulose,jute, and pina. In certain embodiments, the tether is a non-fabricmaterial, for example, selected from leather, metal sheets, plasticsheets, or non-woven textiles. In some embodiments, the material is madefrom chain-link meshes.

In certain embodiment, the elastic material can extend beyond the fabriclayer on the “back side” of the pad. This design may aid theestablishment of uniform contact without sacrificing the stiffness ofthe device that is directly related to the force capacity of theadhesive device.

In certain embodiments, the adjustable angle between a hinge and thetarget adhesive surface range from about 0° to about 180°, for example,15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°.

In certain embodiments, the ratio of storage to loss elastic moduli isat least greater than about 10 (e.g., greater than 15, 20, or 50) at theoperating temperature of interest.

The layer of the elastic material may have any size and shape as aparticular application requires, for example, it may have asubstantially circular outer boundary, a substantially rectangular outerboundary, a substantially elliptical outer boundary, or a substantiallyirregular outer boundary.

As stated herein, in some embodiments, the layer of an elastic materialincludes two, three, four or more separate smaller elastic materiallayer units or structures. The target surface may be any suitablesurfaces, including that of glass, metal, wood, plastic, paper,cardboard, or concrete. The two or more adhesive pads may be configuredsuch that they are capable of adhering to target surfaces at arbitraryangles to one another. In some embodiments, the two or more adhesivepads are configured such that they face the same direction. In someembodiments, the two or more adhesive pads are configured such that theyface different directions.

Another application that may benefit from the disclosed invention is toconnect two (or more) objects with the adhesive device of the invention.For example, a double-sided adhesive device may be used as a connectorto connect two heavy objects, each of which has a properly positionedflat surface to apply the adhesive pad to. Thus, the invention alsorelates to a method for using the double-sided adhesive device disclosedherein to connect two objects with flat surfaces. Once connected, thetwo or more objects can be moved vertically or horizontally according tothe applications.

The integrated adhesive pad approach of the invention provides a robustplatform for a wide-variety of applications. For example, thesestructures can be used to support shelving for books, displays, andelectronic appliances (televisions, computers, stereos, monitors,screens); hanging structures; auto trims; among others.

In another case, two adhesive pads can be attached to an intermediatedevice consisting of a hinge (FIGS. 25, 2505 and 2506). The entiredevice consists of two pads consist of an elastic or viscoelastic padmaterial 2501 attached to a fabric tether backing layer 2502 which isattached to an anchor point which could be made out of polycarbonate2503. This may be attached with springs, hydraulics, adhered fabrics, orrivets, for example 2504, to the independent attachment hinge, which maybe a piece of polycarbonate 2505 containing a hinge, or directly to ahinge 2506. This hinge can be mechanical like a pin or ball and socketjoint, or it could consist of stitched fabric, buttons, or zippers, forexample.

EXAMPLES

To a piece of fabric, adhesive material is applied to both the proximaland distal end, and is cured. A mechanical hinge is attachedsubstantially in the middle using an adhesive, for examplecyanoacrylate-based adhesives. A modular tendon is then connected tothis mechanical hinge, which can support a clip to hold weight. Thisallows the adhesive to rotate about the mechanical hinge, and supportweight at a variety of angles.

A rigid piece of material is adhered, using an adhesive (for examplecyanoacrylate-based adhesives), to fabric at either end to supportweight. To allow for multiple angles, the rigid material is cut atangles to form angles for rotation. A hole is drilled at the apex of thetriangle which acts as the point of rotation.

To a piece of fabric, adhesive material is applied to both the proximaland distal end, and is cured. A mechanical hinge is attachedsubstantially in the middle using an adhesive, for examplecyanoacrylate-based adhesives. To a second piece of fabric, adhesivematerial is applied to both the proximal and distal end, and is cured. Amechanical hinge is attached substantially in the middle here also usingan adhesive, for example cyanoacrylate-based adhesives. An intermediatetendon is created by adhering a rigid material to the fabric, and thisrigid material is connected to the mechanical hinges of the first twopieces of fabric. From this intermediate tendon weight can be supported.

In this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,”“an,” and “the” include plural reference, unless the context clearlydictates otherwise.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent tothose described herein can also be used in the practice or testing ofthe present disclosure, the preferred methods and materials are nowdescribed. Methods recited herein may be carried out in any order thatis logically possible, in addition to a particular order disclosed.

Incorporation by Reference

References and citations to other documents, such as patents, patentapplications, patent publications, journals, books, papers, webcontents, have been made in this disclosure. All such documents arehereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for allpurposes. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to beincorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existingdefinitions, statements, or other disclosure material explicitly setforth herein is only incorporated to the extent that no conflict arisesbetween that incorporated material and the present disclosure material.In the event of a conflict, the conflict is to be resolved in favor ofthe present disclosure as the preferred disclosure.

Equivalents

The representative examples are intended to help illustrate theinvention, and are not intended to, nor should they be construed to,limit the scope of the invention. Indeed, various modifications of theinvention and many further embodiments thereof, in addition to thoseshown and described herein, will become apparent to those skilled in theart from the full contents of this document, including the examples andthe references to the scientific and patent literature included herein.The examples contain important additional information, exemplificationand guidance that can be adapted to the practice of this invention inits various embodiments and equivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A releasable, surface adhering device,comprising: a first-adhering pad, comprising: a first planar backinglayer ; and a first elastic planar layer having a first adhering surfaceon at least one side, wherein the first elastic planar layer adheres toa first target surface when the first elastic planar layer is pressedagainst the first target surface, wherein the first elastic planar layeris applied to the first planar backing layer on at least the sideopposing the first adhering surface; a second adhering pad, comprising:a second planar backing layer; and a second elastic planar layer havinga second adhering surface on at least one side, wherein the secondelastic planar layer adheres to a second target surface when the secondelastic planar layer is pressed against the second target surface,wherein the second elastic planar layer is applied to the second planarbacking layer on at least the side opposing the second adhering surface;a tether having a proximal end and a distal end, respectively attachedto the first and second planar backing layers; and a hinge attached tothe tether, wherein the hinge is rotatable along at least one rotationalaxis resulting in the hinge forming an angle with the tether in therange from about 0° to about 359°.
 2. The releasable, surface-adheringdevice of claim 1, wherein the device comprises a first and secondadhering pads, wherein the first elastic planar layer is impregnatedwith the first planar backing layer on the side opposing the firstadhering surface; and the second elastic planar layer is impregnatedwith the second planar backing layer on the side opposing the secondadhering surface.
 3. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1,wherein the hinge is attached substantially at the center between thefirst and second adhering pads.
 4. The releasable, surface-adheringdevice of claim 1, wherein the hinge is attached other thansubstantially at the center between the first and second adhering pads.5. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the hingeis permanently connected to a weight-bearing handle.
 6. The releasable,surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the hinge is releasablyattached to a weight-bearing handle.
 7. The releasable, surface-adheringdevice of claim 1, wherein the hinge is attached to a rigid base,wherein the rigid base is attached to the tether.
 8. The releasable,surface-adhering device of claim 7, wherein the hinge is made of one ormore material selected from metal, plastic and wood.
 9. The releasable,surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the tether is attached tothe first and second adhering pads with the first and second adheringsurfaces residing on the same side of the tether.
 10. The releasable,surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the tether is attached tothe first and second adhering pads with the first and second adheringsurfaces residing on the opposite side of the tether.
 11. Thereleasable, surface-adhering device of claim 9, wherein the hinge isattached to the tether from the same side as the first and secondadhering surfaces.
 12. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim9, wherein the hinge is attached to the tether from the opposite side asthe first and second adhering surfaces.
 13. The releasable,surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the first planar backinglayer of the first adhering pad, the tether, and the second planarbacking layer of the second adhering pad together consecutively form asingle continuous planar component.
 14. The releasable, surface-adheringdevice of claim 1, wherein the first planar backing layer of the firstadhering pad and the tether together form a single continuous planarcomponent, and the second planar backing layer of the second adheringpad and the tether do not form a single continuous planar component. 15.The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the firstplanar backing layer of the first adhering pad, the tether, and thesecond planar backing layer of the second adhering pad togetherconsecutively does not form a single continuous planar component. 16.The releasable, surface-adhering device of claims 15, wherein theproximal end of the tether is attached substantially at the center ofthe backing layer of the first adhering pad, and the distal end of thetether is attached substantially at the center of the backing layer ofthe second adhering pad.
 17. The releasable, surface-adhering device ofclaims 15, wherein the proximal end of the tether is attachedsubstantially away from the center of the backing layer of the firstadhering pad, and the distal end of the tether is attached substantiallyaway from the center of the backing layer of the second adhering pad.18. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claims 15, wherein theproximal end of the tether is attached substantially at the center ofthe backing layer of the first adhering pad, and the distal end of thetether is attached substantially away from the center of the backinglayer of the second adhering pad.
 19. The releasable, surface-adheringdevice of claim 1, wherein the tether is planar.
 20. The releasable,surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the tether is non-planar.21. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein thetether comprises a fabric material.
 22. The releasable, surface-adheringdevice of claim 1, wherein the tether comprises a non-fabric material.23. A releasable, surface-adhering device comprising: a planar backinglayer; a first elastic planar layer having a first adhering surface onone side and an opposing side applied to the planar backing layer,wherein the first elastic planar layer adheres to a first target surfacewhen the fist elastic planar layer is pressed against the first targetsurface; a second elastic planar layer having a second adhering surfaceon one side and an opposing side applied to the planar backing layer,wherein the second elastic planar layer adheres to a second targetsurface when the second elastic planar layer is pressed against thesecond target surface; and a hinge attached to the planar backing layerdirectly or via a rigid substrate.
 24. The releasable, surface-adheringdevice of claim 23, wherein the hinge is attached via a rigid substratesubstantially at midway between the first and second layers of anelastic material.
 25. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim23, wherein the hinge is attached via a rigid substrate other than atmidway between the first and second layers of an elastic material. 26.The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 23, wherein the hingeis permanently connected to a weight-bearing handle.
 27. The releasable,surface-adhering device of claim 23, wherein the hinge is made of one ormore material selected from metal, plastic and wood.
 28. The releasable,surface-adhering device of claim 23, wherein the first and secondadhering surfaces are disposed on opposite sides of the planar backinglayer.
 29. The releasable, surface adhering device of claim 23, whereinthe first and second adhering surfaces are disposed on the same side ofthe planar backing layer.
 30. The releasable, surface-adhering device ofclaim 29, wherein the hinge is attached to a tether from the same sideof the planar backing layer as the first and second adhering surfaces.31. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 29, wherein thehinge is attached to a tether from the opposite side of the planarbacking layer as the first and second adhering surfaces.
 32. Thereleasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each adheringsurface is microscopically or nanoscopically smooth.
 33. The releasable,surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each adhering surface ismicroscopically or nanoscopically patterned.
 34. The releasable,surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each backing layer is afabric backing layer.
 35. The releasable, surface-adhering device ofclaim 1, wherein each elastic planar layer comprises an elasticmaterial.
 36. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1,wherein each elastic planar layer has a smooth adhering surface areafrom about 0.01 cm² to about 1000 cm² and has a substantially uniformthickness from about 0.0001 cm to about 0.5 cm.
 37. The releasable,surface-adhering device of claim 36, wherein each elastic planar layerhas a smooth adhering surface area from about 0.05 cm² to about 200 cm²and has a substantially uniform thickness from about 0.001 cm to about0.1 cm.
 38. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 35, whereinthe elastic material has an elastic modulus from about 0.05 MPa to about50 MPa.
 39. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 35, whereinthe elastic material has an elastic modulus from about 0.1 MPa to about25 MPa.
 40. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 39, whereinthe elastic material has an elastic modulus from about 0.5 MPa to about10 MPa.
 41. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 34, whereineach fabric backing layer comprises a natural fabric material or asynthetic fabric material.
 42. The releasable, surface-adhering deviceof claim 41, wherein the natural fabric material is selected fromcotton, hemp, wool, silk, bamboo string, cellulose, jute, and pina. 43.The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 41, wherein thesynthetic fabric material is a fabric of polyester, spandex, nylon,carbon fiber, polyaramid, carbon fiber polyaramid hybrid, carbon fiberbasalt hybrid, fiberglass, carbon fiber, or fiberglass hybrid.
 44. Thereleasable, surface-adhering device of claim 34, wherein each adheringsurface has an area of 100 cm² or greater and is capable of bearing aweight of at least 1200 N per 100 cm² of adhering surface area.
 45. Thereleasable, surface-adhering device of claim 44, wherein each adheringsurface has an area of 100 cm² or greater and is capable of bearing aweight of at least 3150 N per 100 cm² of adhering surface area.
 46. Thereleasable, surface-adhering device of claim 34, wherein each adheringsurface has an area of 1 cm² or greater and is capable of bearing aweight of at least 12 N per 1 cm² of adhering surface area.
 47. Thereleasable, surface-adhering device of claim 46, wherein each adheringsurface has an area of 1 cm² or greater and is capable of bearing aweight of at least 31.5 N per 1 cm² of adhering surface area.
 48. Thereleasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each elasticplanar layer has a substantially circular outer boundary.
 49. Thereleasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each elasticplanar layer has a substantially rectangular outer boundary.
 50. Thereleasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each elasticplanar layer has a substantially irregular outer boundary.
 51. Thereleasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each elasticplanar layer has a substantially elliptical outer boundary.
 52. Thereleasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each elasticplanar layer comprises two or more separate smaller elastic planar layerunits.
 53. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, whereineach elastic planar layer comprises a block copolymer elastomer.
 54. Thereleasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each elasticplanar layer comprises one or more of siloxane-based elastomers,urethane-based elastomers, and acrylate-based elastomers.
 55. Anadhering assembly comprises two or more releasable, surface-adheringdevices of claim 1, wherein the two or more releasable, surface-adheringdevices are mechanically joined and are configured to connect to a hingerotatable along at least one rotational axis resulting in the hingeforming an angle with a target surface in the range from about 0° toabout 359°.